Evolução Histórica do Conforto no Cuidado de Enfermagem a Pacientes Oncológicos em Fim de Vida: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura / Historical Evolution of Comfort in Nursing Care for the End-of-Life Cancer Patients: Integrative Literature Review

O paciente oncológico em fim de vida está propenso a experienciar sinais e sintomas desagradáveis em virtude da progressão da doença. O enfermeiro, ao longo de toda a sua trajetória histórica, direcionou o cuidado para a identificação, o manejo e a avaliação do desconforto. Objetivo: Identificar o impacto da evolução histórica do conforto no cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente oncológico em fim de vida. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura de carácter exploratório e descritivo utilizando as bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e SciELO sem recorte temporal para maior abrangência de resultados. Resultados: Os principais impactos das teorias de enfermagem pautadas no conforto foram a valorização do modelo holístico, o estímulo do vínculo enfermeiro-paciente, o controle de sintomas, a diminuição do sofrimento e as condutas alinhadas aos valores do paciente. Conclusão: O conforto é mencionado no estado da arte em textos históricos, teorias e na prática assistencial da enfermagem. As teorias que abordam o conforto direcionam o cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente oncológico em fim de vida buscando reduzir o desconforto e o sofrimento do paciente.

End-of-life cancer patients are prone to experiencing unpleasant signs and symptoms due to the progression of the disease. Along nursing historical trajectory, care was targeted to identify, manage and evaluate the discomfort. Objective: To identify the impact of the historical evolution of comfort in nursing care for end-of -life cancer patients. Method: Exploratory and descriptive integrative literature review utilizing LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO databases without time restraints for more comprehensive results. Results: The main impacts of nursing theories based on comfort were the valorization of the holistic model, the stimulation of the nurse-patient bond, the control of symptoms, the reduction of suffering and behaviors aligned with the patient's values. Conclusion: Comfort is mentioned in state-of-the-art historical texts, theories and nursing care practice. Nursing care to end-of-life cancer patients is guided by theories that address comfort and reduce the patient's discomfort and suffering

El paciente con cáncer al final de su vida es propenso a experimentar signos y síntomas desagradables debido a la progresión de la enfermedad. El personal de enfermería, a lo largo de su trayectoria histórica, dirigió los cuidados hacia la identificación, manejo y evaluación del malestar. Objetivo: Identificar el impacto de la evolución histórica del confort en los cuidados de enfermería al paciente con cáncer al final de la vida. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo, utilizando las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y SciELO sin marco temporal para mayor cobertura de resultados. Resultados: Los principales impactos de las teorías de enfermería basadas en el confort fueron la valorización del modelo holístico, la estimulación del vínculo enfermera-paciente, el control de los síntomas, la reducción del sufrimiento y los comportamientos alineados con los valores del paciente. Conclusión:El confort es mencionado como lo más avanzado en textos históricos, teorías y en la práctica del cuidado de enfermería. Las teorías que abordan el confort dirigen los cuidados de enfermería hacia los pacientes con cáncer al final de la vida, buscando reducir el malestar y el sufrimiento del paciente

Religious/spiritual coping and spiritual distress in people with cancer / El coping religioso/espiritual y la angustia espiritual en individuos con cáncer / Coping religioso/espiritual e a angústia espiritual em pessoas com câncer

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the relation between the presence of spiritual distress and use of RSC and sociodemographic, clinical and religious/spiritual variables in people with cancer. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted in an association for support to people with cancer. The data obtained with the tools were analyzed using the Spearman's correlation coefficient and the Mann-Whitney Test. Results: 129 volunteers participated in the study, of which 57% showed moderate spiritual distress, 96% used medium and high positive religious/spiritual coping. Spiritual distress showed positive correlation with negative religious/spiritual coping (P<0.001) and inverse correlation with age (p 0.002). The use of positive religious coping was statistically significant in people who have religious practices (p 0.001). Conclusão: Spiritual distress is a phenomenon that is present in the lives of people with cancer and has significant relation with the use, in a negative manner, of religion/spirituality as a way of coping with the disease.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Examinar la relación entre la presencia de angustia espiritual y el uso del coping religioso/espiritual con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de aspectos religioso/espiritual en individuos con cáncer. Método: Estudio transversal, realizado en una asociación de apoyo a la persona con cáncer. En el análisis de datos recolectados se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y el test de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: En el estudio participaron 129 voluntarios; el 57% presentó moderada angustia espiritual, y el 96% utilizaba medio y elevado coping religioso/espiritual positivo. La angustia espiritual presentó una correlación positiva con el coping religioso/espiritual negativo (P < 0,001) e inversa con la edad (p 0,002). Se observó que el uso del coping religioso positivo fue estadísticamente significativo en los sujetos que participan en prácticas religiosas (p 0,001). Conclusión: La angustia espiritual es un fenómeno presente en la vida de los individuos con cáncer y tiene una significativa relación con el uso negativo de la religión/espiritualidad como forma de luchar contra la enfermedad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre presença de angústia espiritual e uso do coping religioso/espiritual com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e de aspectos religioso/espiritual em pessoas com câncer. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado em uma associação de apoio à pessoa com câncer. Os dados obtidos dos instrumentos foram analisados por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e do teste Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 129 voluntários; 57% apresentaram moderada angústia espiritual, e 96% faziam uso de médio e alto coping religioso/espiritual positivo. A angústia espiritual apresentou correlação positiva com o coping religioso/espiritual negativo (P < 0,001) e inversa com a idade (p 0,002). O uso do coping religioso positivo foi estatisticamente significativo em pessoas que desenvolvem práticas religiosas (p 0,001). Conclusão: A angústia espiritual é um fenômeno presente na vida de pessoas com câncer e tem significativa relação com o uso, de maneira negativa, da religião/espiritualidade como forma de enfrentamento da doença.

Religious/spiritual coping and spiritual distress in people with cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between the presence of spiritual distress and use of RSC and sociodemographic, clinical and religious/spiritual variables in people with cancer. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted in an association for support to people with cancer. The data obtained with the tools were analyzed using the Spearman's correlation coefficient and the Mann-Whitney Test. RESULTS: 129 volunteers participated in the study, of which 57% showed moderate spiritual distress, 96% used medium and high positive religious/spiritual coping. Spiritual distress showed positive correlation with negative religious/spiritual coping (P<0.001) and inverse correlation with age (p 0.002). The use of positive religious coping was statistically significant in people who have religious practices (p 0.001). CONCLUSÃO: Spiritual distress is a phenomenon that is present in the lives of people with cancer and has significant relation with the use, in a negative manner, of religion/spirituality as a way of coping with the disease.

Auriculotherapy to control chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with cancer: protocol of a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Due to the worldwide rise in cancer incidence, and therefore the rise in the need for antineoplastic chemotherapy, it is important for both healthcare professionals and patients alike that the side effects of chemotherapy, such as chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), are treated and prevented. Auriculotherapy is a type of acupuncture and may be a low-cost and safe antiemetic measure to control the side effects of chemotherapy. The goal of this systematic review is to synthesize the available evidence in the literature regarding the auriculotherapy effects to treat CINV in people with cancer. METHODS: The review will only include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the clinical effects of the auriculotherapy intervention (used alone or as an add-on), with sham auriculotherapy, routine treatment with antiemetic drugs, or other non-pharmacological interventions in patients with cancer with CINV who are undergoing chemotherapy. The outcomes to be evaluated are nausea and vomiting: in acute, delayed, or anticipated stages, when induced by chemotherapy. A comprehensive search for studies will be carried out in these databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ICTRP, LILACS, CUMED, IBECS, BVS MTCI Americas, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro, CNKI, and CBMdisc up until December 31, 2018. Only articles in English, Portuguese, and Spanish will be selected. Two independent reviewers will evaluate full texts, extract data, and assess the risk of bias of eligible articles. The quality of evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). A meta-analysis will be undertaken to assess the interventions and outcomes' homogeneity, assessing statistical heterogeneity using the Cochran's Q test and quantified using Higgins' inconsistency index. If there is insufficient data for a meta-analysis, a narrative synthesis will be presented. This protocol has been prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. DISCUSSION: The results of this systematic review will summarize the strength of evidence for the use of auriculotherapy in the control of CINV of patients with cancer and will be used to identify evidence gaps. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42018117513.